Sun, Guangtong
Guo, Fenze
Guo, Xinchen
Li, Minxue
Peng, Bo
Funding for this research was provided by:
Spark Program of Earthquake Sciences (XH24062A)
2025 Gansu Provincial Joint Scientific Research Fund (25JRRA1104)
Self-funded Project of the Scientific Research and Development Plan of Langfang Science and Technology Bureau (2025013216)
State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics and Forecasting (LEDF2025B05)
Teachers’ Scientific Research Fund of China Earthquake Administration (20150105)
the Special Fund of Fundamental Scientific Research Business Expense for Higher School of Central Government (ZY20215160)
Article History
Received: 25 October 2025
Accepted: 16 February 2026
First Online: 19 February 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.