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Authors
Biçici, Emel
Boyacı, Hatice Filiz https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3799-4673
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Development Foundation (02026011021831)
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Article History
Received: 3 August 2025
Accepted: 16 February 2026
First Online: 20 February 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Experimental research conducted on cultivated plants was carried out in accordance with all relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and regulations. The study used two commercial kale varieties ( Brassica oleracea var. acephala ) grown under controlled greenhouse and hydroponic conditions. No wild plant material or genetic resources were used. No official ethical approval was required for this study.
