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Authors
Tun, San Chain
Tin, Pyke
Aikawa, Masaru
Kobayashi, Ikuo
Zin, Thi Thi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Racing Association (2024-1028)
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Article History
Received: 18 August 2025
Accepted: 16 February 2026
First Online: 13 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to no enforced nor uncomfortable restriction to the animals during the study period. The image data of lameness classification process used for analysis in this study were collected by an installed camera without disturbing natural parturient behavior of animals and routine management of the farm.
