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Article History

Received: 27 November 2025

Accepted: 16 February 2026

First Online: 21 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All authors have agreed to publish this manuscript.

: The IRFMN adheres to the principles set out in the following laws, regulations, and policies governing the care and use of laboratory animals: Italian Governing Law (D.Lgs 26/2014; Authorisation n. 35/2023-UT issued November 8, 2023 by Ministry of Health); Mario Negri Institutional Regulations and Policies providing internal authorisation for persons conducting animal experiments (Quality Management System Certificate – UNI EN ISO 9001:2015 – Reg. N° 6121; the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (2011 edition) and EU directives and guidelines (EEC Council Directive 2010/63/UE). This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees of Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS and by the Italian Ministry of Health (approval number 712/2019-PR). All experimental protocols involving human subjects are carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and good clinical guidelines. All patient information was anonymized and handled in accordance with institutional and ethical standards. As this study involved the use of de-identified archival biopsy material, informed consent was waived by the Territorial Ethics Committee Lombardia 6 of the Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy. The study was approved by Territorial Ethics Committee Lombardia 6 of the Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy (procedure 2025 − 3.11/463).