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Authors
Li, Jiayang
Zhao, Mingyi
He, Qingnan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hunan innovative province construction project (2019SK2211)
Hunan innovative province construction project (2019SK2211)
Hunan innovative province construction project (2019SK2211)
Key research and development project of Hunan Province (2020SK2089)
Key research and development project of Hunan Province (2020SK2089)
Key research and development project of Hunan Province (2020SK2089)
The Natural Science Foundation of Hunan province (2020JJ4833, 2019SK2211, and XY040019)
The Natural Science Foundation of Hunan province (2020JJ4833, 2019SK2211, and XY040019)
The Natural Science Foundation of Hunan province (2020JJ4833, 2019SK2211, and XY040019)
Hunan Province Key Field R&D Program (2020SK2097)
Hunan Province Key Field R&D Program (2020SK2097)
Hunan Province Key Field R&D Program (2020SK2097)
Horizontal Project (KY080269, KY080262, XY080323, and XY080324)
Horizontal Project (KY080269, KY080262, XY080323, and XY080324)
Horizontal Project (KY080269, KY080262, XY080323, and XY080324)
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Article History
Received: 20 October 2025
Accepted: 16 February 2026
First Online: 25 February 2026
Ethics approval and consent to participate
: This study complied with the declaration of Helsinki. The author Jiayang Li has completed the Collaborative Institutional Training Program (CITP) exam (certification number: 13808420), and since the retrospective cohort study using de-identified public data; IRB approval waived.
: Since MIMIC-IV includes only anonymized information, patient consent to participate was waived at the local institution. Informed consent is not required for the secondary use of this de-identified database.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
