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Authors
Liu, Yifan
Ohdaira, Takeshi
Kitakata, Emi
Silverman, Michael A.
Sidhu, Jhunam
Okubo, Jun
Harada, Yoshihisa
Hayashi, Kumiko
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JPMJSP2108)
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (ALLRP 581004-2023; RGPIN-2024-06341.)
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Article History
Received: 9 October 2025
Accepted: 18 February 2026
First Online: 6 March 2026
Declarations
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: Co-author Dr. Ohdaira is the founder of Ohdaira Laboratory Co., Ltd. (Saitama, Japan), which developed thenanobubble production method used in this study (Japanese Patent Nos. 7637707 and 7227694; US Patent No.12329152; US Application No. 16/770528; Chinese Patent No. ZL201880088629.2; Korean Patent Nos. 10-2667835 and 10-2657332; European Patent No. 3721886). This relationship has been disclosed to the publisherand does not affect the objectivity or neutrality of the research. All other authors declare no competing interests.
