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Authors
Chen, Jiayi
Que, Shuhao
Jin, Guangyong
Ma, Buqing
Zhang, Hongwei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The 2024 Public Welfare Research Guidance Project in the Field of Agriculture and Social Development (20241029Y088)
The Construction Fund of Key Medical Disciplines of Hangzhou (2025HZZD04)
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Article History
Received: 26 May 2025
Accepted: 18 February 2026
First Online: 1 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was a retrospective analysis using the publicly available MIMIC-IV v3.0 database ( ), which contains fully de-identified health-related data. The database has received prior approval from the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, No. 0403000206) and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (No. 2001-P-001699/14).
