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Authors
Bernard, Elvis
Wang, Yiling
Chen, Manlin
Xu, Shunqing
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University (XTCX2022JKA02)
Innovation Fund for Scientific and Technological Personnel of Hainan Province (KJRC2023B02)
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Article History
Received: 3 December 2025
Accepted: 19 February 2026
First Online: 22 February 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study used UK Biobank Resources, which have ethics approval from the North West Multicenter Research Ethics Committee (REC reference number 21/NW/0157). Under this approval, no further ethical approval is required for registered secondary analyses of the UK Biobank data. The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All the participants provided written informed consent to the UK Biobank, confirming their willingness to participate in the study.
