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Article History

Received: 2 September 2025

Accepted: 19 February 2026

First Online: 23 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: was granted by the Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015) and the London Multicenter Research Ethics Committee (MREC/01/2/91). The CHARLS and ELSA studies adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants before their participation in this study.

: Not applicable.