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Article History

Received: 12 October 2025

Accepted: 19 February 2026

First Online: 26 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study involved a single adult participant performing predefined karate stances in a controlled environment. Written informed consent was obtained from the participant before data collection, including consent for video recording and the use of images and derived data for research and publication purposes. The participant was informed about the study objectives, data-handling procedures, and the right to withdraw at any time without consequences. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Because the study involved non-invasive observation of voluntary movements, no collection of sensitive personal or health data, and no vulnerable populations, formal institutional ethics approval was not required under applicable institutional and national research ethics guidelines.

: The data were acquired from one of the authors of this study, who consented to participation and to the publication of identifying information and images in an online open-access publication.