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Authors
Squirrell, David
Nielsen, Christopher
Vaghefi, Ehsan
An, Songyang
Moghadam, Shima
Yang, Song
Xie, Li
Rahimi, Atefeh
Durbin, Mary K.
Hou, Huiyuan
Weinreb, Robert N.
McConnell, Michael V.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Toku, Inc.
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Article History
Received: 4 August 2025
Accepted: 20 February 2026
First Online: 25 February 2026
Declarations
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: DS, CN, SA, SM, SY, LX, AR, EV and MVM report employment by Toku, Inc. MVM reports compensation by Porter Health for consultant services. MKD and HH report employment by Topcon Healthcare. RNW reports compensation by Toku, Inc. for consultant and board of directors services and by Topcon Healthcare for consultant services, as well as research instruments from Topcon, Visionix, Centervue, and Konan. We sought to mitigate the risk of bias by fully documenting our methods so they can be scrutinized and replicated by independent groups. The CKM-specific analysis plan was prespecified before the CKM associations with retinal BioAgeGap were examined. All data extraction and quality control procedures adhered to standard operating procedures established in our prior peer-reviewed retinal BioAge studies.
