Mehrjardi, Fatemeh Zare https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3268-0114
Zarchi, Mohsen Sardari https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0831-3426
Article History
Received: 23 October 2025
Accepted: 20 February 2026
First Online: 26 February 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study is based entirely on the analysis of the publicly available CoMoFod (Copy-Move Forgery Detection) dataset. The dataset consists of computer-generated and manipulated images, and does not contain any images of human participants, animals, or private/personal data. Therefore, this research did not involve human subjects or animal experimentation. According to our institutional guidelines and international standards, this type of research does not require ethics committee approval or informed consent from participants.
: Not applicable. No animal data or experimentation was involved in this study.
: Not applicable. No identifying information or images of any individual are included in this manuscript.