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Article History

Received: 1 September 2025

Accepted: 20 February 2026

First Online: 9 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests or conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this research.

: This study was conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines for computational research involving user-generated content. The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Qingdao Vocational and Technical College of Hotel Management (Ethics Approval Number: QVTHM-2024-CS-047). All hotel review data used in this study consisted of publicly available information from commercial review platforms. Data collection procedures followed platform terms of service and applicable data protection regulations. Personal identifying information was removed during preprocessing, and all data was anonymized prior to analysis. The federated learning framework was designed to ensure privacy preservation and comply with GDPR and other international data protection standards.

: Not applicable.