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Authors
Junaidi, Ernie Syazween
Jalaludin, Juliana
Latif, Mohd Talib
Ibrahim, Mohd Faiz
Ismail, Rohaida
Wan Mahiyuddin, Wan Rozita
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Putra Malaysia (Geran Putra Inisiatif (GPI/2023/9759400))
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Article History
Received: 3 October 2025
Accepted: 20 February 2026
First Online: 15 April 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethics approval was obtained from the National Medical Research Register (NMRR) and Medical Research and Ethics Committee (MREC) with the ethical number of NMRR ID-23-01600-CMQ (IIR). No written consent from parents or guardians were required because no patient’s involvement in this study and all data is anonymous. Researchers adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Malaysian Good Clinical Practice Guidelines throughout this study.
