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Authors
Kasiouras, Eleftherios
Rotllant, Guiomar
Gräns, Albin
Hjelmstedt, Per
Sneddon, Lynne U.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Gothenburg
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Article History
Received: 8 December 2025
Accepted: 23 February 2026
First Online: 13 April 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Despite the current exclusion of decapod crustaceans from protection under the European Directive 2010/63/EU, throughout this study emphasis was placed on minimizing the number of animals used and to safeguard their welfare during the experiment. In this study animals were employed to investigate the potential effects of electric shock and how to alleviate potential pain with the use of analgesics, thereby improving the welfare of many decapod crustaceans. Animals were housed in appropriate conditions as outlined above and were carefully monitored daily, ensuring good welfare.
