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Authors
Tirkkonen, Otso https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9654-7100
Gasparello, Gil Guilherme https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8955-6448
Mota-Júnior, Sergio Luiz https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0630-8404
Mattos, Claudia Trindade https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5975-0680
da Silva, Marco Antonio Dias https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2774-4769
Pithon, Matheus Melo
Tanaka, Orlando https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1052-7872
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Article History
Received: 19 July 2025
Accepted: 23 February 2026
First Online: 21 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Brazil (2235302). Participation was entirely voluntary and anonymous, with no collection of personally identifiable information. Informed consent was obtained from every participant, including individuals whose de-identified smile images were utilized, permitting their use for both research and educational objectives. The research was conducted in strict accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent revisions.
