Shittu, Funmilayo
King, Carina
Bakare, Ayobami A.
Bakare, Damola
Salako, Julius
Iuliano, Agnese
Rautiainen, Susanne
Colbourn, Tim
Burgess, Rochelle A.
Falade, Adegoke G.
Funding for this research was provided by:
Karolinska Institute
Article History
Received: 15 September 2025
Accepted: 23 February 2026
First Online: 26 February 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical approvals were obtained from Jigawa State Government (ref: JPHCDA/ADM/GEN/073/V.I) and University College London Research Ethics Committee (ref: 3433/004), and from Swedish Ethics Authority for the analysis of personal data within Sweden (ref: 2024-00868-01). We consulted with representatives from Local Government, District, Ward, And Village Heads before commencing project activities. All research participants provided verbal consent.