Ennis, Matthew
McClean, Paula L.
Shukla, Priyank
Sharman, Joanna L.
Gupta, Ramneek
Watterson, Steven
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universität Ulm
Article History
Received: 23 September 2025
Accepted: 23 February 2026
First Online: 7 March 2026
Declarations
:
: M.E., J.S, and R.G. were employees of Novo Nordisk by the time of manuscript drafting.
: This study used only de-identified data from UK Biobank under approved application 48433. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. UK Biobank has approval as a Research Tissue Bank from the North-West Multi-centre Research Ethics Committee (REC reference 11/NW/0382; RTB reference 16/NW/0274), and researchers with approved access may conduct analyses under this approval without additional project-specific REC review. Informed consent was obtained by UK Biobank from all participants at recruitment.