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Article History

Received: 8 October 2025

Accepted: 23 February 2026

First Online: 6 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. The research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

: This study involved numerical simulations and experimental investigations on hydraulic pipeline systems and did not require ethics committee approval. All experimental work was conducted on non-human infrastructure systems in accordance with standard engineering research protocols. The pipeline testing facilities used in this research comply with national safety standards and institutional guidelines for hydraulic equipment operation. No human subjects, animals, or sensitive environmental sites were involved in this study.