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Article History

Received: 3 August 2025

Accepted: 24 February 2026

First Online: 27 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Ethics Committee, approval number 2022036.

: Written informed consent was obtained from their parent or legal guardian of all participating very preterm infants prior to their inclusion in the study.

: The analysis results presented in this article and supplementary tables are fully accessible within the paper and its online supplements. The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to patient confidentiality and privacy restrictions imposed by the Ethics Committee and relevant regulations. However, de-identified data may be made available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request and subject to approval by the Ethics Committee.