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Authors
Fuga, Michiyasu
Koseki, Hirokazu
Kobayashi, Nobuyuki
Ishibashi, Toshihiro
Ishii, Azusa
Oka, Naomi
Sano, Tohru
Kato, Naoki
Aoki, Ken
Sonoda, Shota
Ito, Kyoko
Tanaka, Toshihide
Hasegawa, Yuzuru
Kaku, Shogo
Kogiku, Minoru
Kondo, Kazuhiro
Murayama, Yuichi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (18K16599)
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (22H03338)
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Article History
Received: 21 July 2025
Accepted: 24 February 2026
First Online: 24 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study involved human participants and received approval from the institutional review board at each participating institution. The corresponding approval numbers are as follows: 32–476 and 33–365 for The Jikei University (covering three affiliated hospitals), 2021-005 for The Neurosurgery East Yokohama Hospital, and 2021.10-1 for Yokohama Shin-Midori General Hospital. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study.
