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Authors
Abiodun, Esther Omolara
Abiodun, Oludare Isaac
Alawida, Moatsum
Shawar, Bayan Abu
Mehmood, Abid
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Abu Dhabi University grant (1930063 and 19300887)
Abu Dhabi University grant (1930063 and 19300887)
Abu Dhabi University grant (1930063 and 19300887)
Abu Dhabi University grant (1930063 and 19300887)
Abu Dhabi University grant (1930063 and 19300887)
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Article History
Received: 13 September 2025
Accepted: 24 February 2026
First Online: 15 May 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was conducted in accordance with established ethical research standards. No personally identifiable information was collected or disclosed in the course of this work. Publicly available benchmark datasets, including CASIA-FASD, DFDC, FairFace, and LFW, were used solely for experimental purposes in compliance with their respective licenses. For the small in-house classroom dataset created to validate the LaED framework, all participants provided informed consent, and the data were anonymized prior to analysis.
