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Authors
Hailu, Abenet Alazar
Desta, Esubalew Asmare
Mulugeta, Atsedemaryam
Adugna, Fikadu Berie
Salau, Ayodeji Olalekan
Almaw, Lamesgin Addis
Fentahun, Melsew Belachew
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Article History
Received: 30 September 2025
Accepted: 24 February 2026
First Online: 16 April 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The waiver of informed consent was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences.
: The use of retinal fundus images from the University of Gondar Referral Hospital (UOGRH) Eye Clinic received ethical clearance from the University of Gondar Institutional Review Board (IRB) for retrospective data use. To ensure patient confidentiality, the dataset was fully de-identified before analysis. This process removed all personally identifiable information (PII) and any auxiliary patient clinical data, ensuring the study relied solely on anonymized fundus images and their corresponding diagnostic labels.
