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Article History

Received: 5 September 2025

Accepted: 24 February 2026

First Online: 7 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Institutional Review Board of State Grid Fujian Electric Power Co., Ltd. (Protocol Number: SGFJ-2023-IRB-045, approved March 15, 2023). No human subjects were directly involved in this research. The data used in this study derive from three categories of sources: (1) publicly available government statistics and regulatory reports accessible without restriction; (2) aggregated operational data from State Grid Fujian obtained under a formal data sharing agreement that permits use for academic research with appropriate anonymization; and (3) published industry reports and environmental monitoring data from open-access databases. All utility-level data were anonymized and aggregated to regional or categorical levels to ensure that individual enterprises cannot be identified. The research protocol adhered to institutional guidelines for data usage in policy research applications.