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Article History

Received: 11 December 2025

Accepted: 24 February 2026

First Online: 28 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study was reviewed by the Ethics Review Committee of Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur Pakistan, and was granted exemption, as the research involved minimal-risk, non-invasive survey data collection.

: I, Dr. Muhammad Asad Latif, confirm that all participants in the study titled “Racialized Vulnerability and Socioeconomic Determinants of Health Among Afghan Refugees in Pakistan” provided informed consent prior to participation. Participants were informed about the study’s purpose, voluntary nature, confidentiality of their responses, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequence.