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Article History

Received: 9 December 2025

Accepted: 24 February 2026

First Online: 2 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Jilin International University (Reference Number: IRB-2024-EDU-0087). All participants provided written informed consent prior to enrollment. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national regulations. We explicitly note that although the full framework architecture includes facial expression analysis capabilities as a design component, this biometric data collection module was not activated in the present empirical study. The ethics approval covers the behavioral and survey data actually collected; deployment of biometric monitoring would require separate ethics review addressing privacy implications of student surveillance. Affective state estimation in this study relied solely on non-biometric behavioral indicators and voluntary self-report measures.

: All authors have reviewed the manuscript and consent to its publication. No identifiable information regarding participants has been included.