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Authors
Guo, Tianli
Li, Jisong
Tang, Yunqi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Double First-Class Innovation Research Project of Criminal Science and Technology at the People’s Public Security University of China (2023SYL06)
the Graduate Research Program of the People’s Public Security University of China (2024yjsky032)
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Article History
Received: 26 November 2025
Accepted: 24 February 2026
First Online: 5 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
