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Article History

Received: 6 November 2025

Accepted: 24 February 2026

First Online: 7 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study utilized anonymized operational data from power utility companies. All data were processed in compliance with institutional data governance policies and relevant regulations. No human subjects were involved in this research. Appropriate data use agreements were established with participating power utilities prior to data collection and analysis.

: All authors have reviewed the manuscript and consent to its publication. The operational data used in this study have been anonymized and do not contain any identifiable information regarding individual customers or personnel.

: Not applicable.