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Authors
Xu, Min https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7123-8800
Gao, Ximan https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0827-2237
Liu, Zirong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1731-0035
Zhang, Li
Wang, Zhanglong
Zhuang, Huiru
Fu, Wenlong
Yao, Siyu
Zhang, Lin
Zhou, Saijun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5761-7568
Liu, Juping https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5312-7748
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82570950)
the China Endocrine Metabolism Talent Research Fund (2023-N-03-15)
Bethune Charitable Foundation (Z04JKM2022E035)
Science and Technology Fund of Tianjin Municipal Education Commission (2024ZD036, 2023KJ103)
Key Project of Science and Technology Fund of Tianjin Municipal Health Commission (TJWJ2025ZD004)
the Tianjin Key Medical Discipline (Specialty) Construction Project (TJYXZDXK-032A)
Tianjin Key Medical Discipline Construction Project (TJYXZDXK-3-007B)
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Article History
Received: 16 December 2025
Accepted: 25 February 2026
First Online: 1 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All data in this study were derived from the Tianjin Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Cohort. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital (Ethics Number: 2024KY-10), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
