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Article History

Received: 4 June 2025

Accepted: 25 February 2026

First Online: 4 April 2026

Declarations

:

: MAC received grants from ImmunoMet, Inc. and personal fees from ImmunoGenesis, Inc., Alligator Bioscience, Inc., ImmunoOS, Inc., ImmunoMet, Inc., Oncoresponse, Inc., Pieris, Inc., Nurix, Inc., Apetevo, Inc., Servier, Inc., Kineta, Inc., Salarius, Inc., Xencor, Inc., Agenus, Inc., and Mereo. In addition, MAC also has a patent Methods and Composition for Localized Secretion of Anti-CTLA-4 Antibodies that has been issued and licensed to multiple licensees, and a patent Dual specifically antibodies which bind both PD-L1 and PD-L2 and prevent their binding to PD-1 that is pending and licensed with ImmunoGenesis, Inc. SK has ownership interest in Lutris, Iylon, Frontier Medicines, Xilis, Navire and is a consultant for Genentech, EMD Serono, Merck, Holy Stone Healthcare, Novartis, Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca/MedImmune, Bayer Health, Redx Pharma, Ipsen, HalioDx, Lutris, Jacobio, Pfizer, Repare Therapeutics, Inivata, GlaxoSmithKline, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Iylon, Xilis, Abbvie, Amal Therapeutics, Gilead Sciences, Mirati Therapeutics, Flame Biosciences, Servier, Carina Biotech, Bicara Therapeutics, Endeavor BioMedicines, Numab, Johnson & Johnson/Janssen, Genomic Health, Frontier Medicines, Replimune, TaihoPharmaceutical, Cardiff Oncology, Ono Pharmaceutical, Bristol-Myers Squibb-Medarex, Amgen, Tempus, Foundation Medicine, Harbinger Oncology, Inc, Takeda, CureTeq, Zentalis, Black Stone Therapeutics, NeoGenomics Laboratories, Accademia Nazionale Di Medicina, Tachyon Therapeutics and receive research funding from Sanofi, Biocartis, Guardant Health, Array BioPharma, Genentech/Roche, EMD Serono, MedImmune, Novartis, Amgen, Lilly, Daiichi Sankyo. VKM reports research support to BioNTech, Pfizer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genentech, RedX Pharma, and Apollo Therapeutics institutions and consulting for Regeneron, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Novartis outside the submitted work. MS, AB, INB, SC, SA, AA, VM, NWF, and JR declare no competing interests.