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Authors
Wang, Guangdong
Shang, Dong
Liu, Tingting
Ji, Wenwen
Li, Tingting
Wang, Zhuoyang
Hu, Tinghua
Shi, Zhihong
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Article History
Received: 24 July 2025
Accepted: 25 February 2026
First Online: 15 March 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The MIMIC-IV database is a publicly available, de-identified critical care database. The establishment and use of this database were approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (IRB approval number: 2001P-001699/14). The requirement for informed consent was waived because all patient data were fully de-identified. The authors completed the Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI) program and obtained certification for access to the MIMIC-IV database (Certification ID: 60106105). All data extraction and analyses were conducted in compliance with the PhysioNet Credentialed Health Data Use Agreement.
