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Article History

Received: 8 October 2025

Accepted: 25 February 2026

First Online: 13 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study involved two phases. The model development phase utilized retrospective anonymized physical fitness data from the model-development cohort of 6,698 male students (aged 18–20) at Changsha Aeronautical Vocational and Technical College, Hunan province, China, collected from 2020 to 2024. The data, acquired through the institution’s secure platform on April 1, 2024, included anthropometric measurements (height, weight, BMI) and physical fitness test data (3,000-meter run, 30 × 2 shuttle run, pull-up test, sit-up test). A two-stage anonymization protocol was implemented: direct identifiers (name and student ID) were removed at the data collection stage, and numerical perturbation (height ± 0.5 cm; weight ± 1 kg) was applied to prevent re-identification. The intervention validation phase was a prospective randomized controlled trial with the intervention cohort of 1,160 participants approved by the Research Office of Changsha Aeronautical Vocational and Technical College. Informed consent was obtained from all participants in the trial. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki . Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and ethical approval was granted by the Human Ethics Committee of Chizhou University (Approval No.: 202301015).

: This study adheres to the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) checklist (for non-randomized controlled trials).