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Authors
Dong, Zihao
Zhang, Yu
Mao, Yanying
Jiao, Liudan
Huo, Xiaosen
Wu, Liu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72204033)
Science and Technology Research Project of Chongqing Education Commission (KJQN202303120)
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Article History
Received: 21 October 2025
Accepted: 25 February 2026
First Online: 5 March 2026
<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Ethics declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The authors concur the publication by Scientific Reports.
: The research involved an anonymous online questionnaire without any personal identifiers or sensitive information. Therefore, the need for formal ethics approval was deemed unnecessary according to national regulations (Measures for Ethical Review of Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Human Beings, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, 2023).
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.
