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Authors
Liu, Qiang
Wang, Qian
Liang, Bing
Sun, Weiji
Jin, Jiaxu
Liu, Jianjun
Lei, Yun
Gao, Jingang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province辽宁省自然科学基金,China中国 (No. 2025-MS-137)
National Natural Science Foundation of China国家自然科学基金,China中国 (No. 52304029)
Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program (No. XLYC2403059)
Science and Technology Major Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China (No. 2021ZD0034-2)
University-local Government Scientific and Technical Cooperation Cultivation Project of Ordos Institute-LNTU (No. YJY-XD-2024-A-015)
Supported by Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Safety (SKLGME023022)
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Article History
Received: 3 December 2025
Accepted: 26 February 2026
First Online: 4 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
