Nguyen, Tuan Ngoc https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1865-6628
Ly, Tu Cam
Tran, Nghi
Nguyen, Nhung Hong
Kiefer, Rudolf
Pham, Thu Thien
Tran, Hien My
Nguyen, Hung Phi
Dinh, Thuan Phuoc
Funding for this research was provided by:
PetroVietnam Fertilizer and Chemicals Corporation (138-24/PVFCCo/KHCN-KHVLUD/D_UreVSV)
Article History
Received: 28 December 2025
Accepted: 26 February 2026
First Online: 5 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.