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Article History

Received: 10 October 2025

Accepted: 27 February 2026

First Online: 9 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this research. The research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Educational Sciences and Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Reference Number: FEST/2023/REC/047, approved on March 15, 2023). All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. For participants under 18 years of age, parental or guardian consent was obtained prior to participation. Participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty, and all data were anonymized to protect participant confidentiality.