Iborra-Pernichi, Marta
de León, Patricia
Torres, Elisa
Defaus, Sira
Blanco, Esther
Andreu, David
Martínez-Martín, Nuria
Sobrino, Francisco
Funding for this research was provided by:
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas
Article History
Received: 12 August 2025
Accepted: 28 February 2026
First Online: 12 March 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All authors have been involved in the preparation of this manuscript and consent for publication.
: All work involving live FMDV was carried out at the Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA; INIA-CSIC), a facility authorised under Spanish and European legislation (EU Regulations 2016/429 and 2017/625) for in vivo and in vitro handling of FMDV. CISA operates a dedicated BSL3 laboratory for FMDV research that complies with EU biosecurity standards.