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Article History

Received: 23 January 2026

Accepted: 28 February 2026

First Online: 24 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The Institutional Ethics Committee of Ibn Al-Haitham Teaching Eye Hospital – Minsitry of Health in Baghdad, Iraq, reviewed and approved all experimental protocols that used samples of human cataractous lenses. The study adhered to the ethical guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, and written informed consent was secured from all participants prior to sample collection. The College of Science Ethics committee in Mustansiriyah University approved the study proposal. This Ethics committee is working in accordance to College of Science guidelines on biomedical research. Ref. BCSMU/0225/00020C. None of the Investigator and co-investigator participating in this study took part in the decision making and voting procedure for this study. The College of Science`s Scientific committee expects to be informed about the progress of the study, any serious adverse events occurring in the course of the study, and any revision in the protocol.

: The authors enhanced the manuscript’s grammar, readability, and clarity by using AI-based language editing tools (ChatGPT, OpenAI).