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Authors
Hemalatha, C. K.
Pitchumani, Shenbaga Velu
Gopalan, Venkatchalam
Mohan, Bhuvaneshwari
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai
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Article History
Received: 6 January 2026
Accepted: 2 March 2026
First Online: 17 April 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All experimental research and field studies involving plants, including the collection of wild plant material, were conducted in full compliance with institutional, national and international guidelines and relevant legislation for plant research. The species used ( Prosopis juliflora , Vachellia leucophloea and Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica ) are widely distributed, classified as least concern and not legally protected; consequently, no special permits from the Forest Department were required for their collection in the study area. Plant identification was authenticated by Dr D. Kandavel (Department of Botany, Government Arts College, Chennai, India) and voucher specimens have been deposited in the same institution’s herbarium under accession numbers GACNBOT103, GACNBOT104 and GACNBOT105 to ensure reproducibility and long-term documentation of the plant material used.
