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Article History

Received: 20 September 2025

Accepted: 2 March 2026

First Online: 18 March 2026

Declarations

:

: H.Z. has served at scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for Abbvie, Acumen, Alector, Alzinova, ALZPath, Amylyx, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, AZTherapies, Cognito Therapeutics, CogRx, Denali, Eisai, LabCorp, Merry Life, Nervgen, Novo Nordisk, Optoceutics, Passage Bio, Pinteon Therapeutics, Prothena, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Roche, Samumed, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics, and Wave, has given lectures in symposia sponsored by Alzecure, Biogen, Cellectricon, Fujirebio, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, and Roche, and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program (outside submitted work). M.A. has received compensation for lectures and/or advisory boards from Biogen, Genzyme, and Novartis. S.I. is founder and holds a position at the company Oscillution AB. Oscillution AB were not involved in the study, and all experiments and data analysis were conducted at the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg. The other authors declare no conflict of interest.

: During the preparation of this work the authors used ChatGPT for proof reading of the language used in the manuscript. After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.