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Article History

Received: 27 August 2025

Accepted: 2 March 2026

First Online: 3 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Due to concerns regarding patient privacy, we do not have the authority to disclose certain data. All authors have agreed not to share the data publicly. Thank you for your understanding. All methods in this study were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, and were approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Ethical Review Number: 2024-320-01).

: Informed consent was obtained from all human participants (including donors of tissue samples) involved in this study. Prior to their participation, all individuals were fully informed about the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits, and data confidentiality measures. All participants voluntarily provided written informed consent. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Approval No.:2024-320-01 ).

: The inclusion of all minor participants (including minor donors of tissue samples) in this study strictly adhered to ethical guidelines for the protection of vulnerable populations. Informed consent was obtained from the parents and/or legal guardians of all minor participants. Prior to consent, guardians were provided with comprehensive information regarding the study’s purpose, procedures, anticipated benefits, potential risks, confidentiality measures, and the right to withdraw at any time. All parents and/or legal guardians provided written informed consent on behalf of the minors. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Approval No.:2024-320-01 ).