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Authors
Taye, Eliyas Addisu
Alemu, Eyob Akalewold
Kebede, Halima Ayalew
Alemaw, Helen Brhan
Endalamew, Simachew Getaneh
Kebede, Sofiya Ayalew
Assefa, Solomon Keflie
Zegeye, Adem Tsegaw
Abate, Belayneh Jejaw
Asgedom, Dejen Kahsay
Andargie, Endalew Minwuye
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Article History
Received: 25 November 2025
Accepted: 2 March 2026
First Online: 13 March 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical clearance for the use of DHS data was obtained through the DHS Program. Formal permission to access the data was granted by submitting the study title and objectives via the official DHS platform ( ). The DHS Program adheres to rigorous ethical standards, with review and approval by both the host country’s institutional review board and the ICF International Institutional Review Board. As this study involved secondary analysis of fully de-identified data, no direct participant involvement or consent was required. For queries regarding ethics approval, the DHS Program can be contacted at dhs@dhsprogram.com.
: No patients or members of the public were directly involved in the design, conduct, reporting, or dissemination of this research, as it utilized secondary, de-identified DHS datasets.
