Geng, Yinghui
Zhang, Huijun
Article History
Received: 7 November 2025
Accepted: 3 March 2026
First Online: 12 March 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study is a secondary analysis of de-identified data from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. The ADNI study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Southern California (USC) and by the institutional review boards of all participating sites. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, Good Clinical Practice guidelines, and U.S. 21 CFR Part 50 and Part 56. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants at each site. As this study used de-identified secondary data with no direct interaction with participants, no additional ethical approval was required for the present study. Further details on ADNI ethics approvals are available at .