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Authors
Tokumitsu, Keita https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6747-4348
Sugawara, Norio https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7058-664X
Fisher, Sheehan David
Keta, Takako
Takeuchi, Junko
Yachimori, Koji
Yasui-Furukori, Norio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4414-3770
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (21K10503 and 25K13594)
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Article History
Received: 29 October 2025
Accepted: 4 March 2026
First Online: 6 March 2026
Declarations
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: Keita Tokumitsu has received speaker’s honoraria from Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K.; Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd.; Lundbeck Japan K.K.; Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd.; Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Viatris Inc.; and Kowa Co., Ltd. Norio Sugawara has received speaker’s honoraria from Viatris Inc.; Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd.; and Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Koji Yachimori has received speaker’s honoraria from Tsumura & Co. Norio Yasui-Furukori has received speaker’s honoraria from EA Pharma Co., Ltd.; Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K.; Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Yoshitomi Yakuhin Co., Ltd.; Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Eisai Co., Ltd.; Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd.; Tsumura & Co.; Viatris Inc.; Lundbeck Japan K.K.; and Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co., Inc. These companies had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The authors report no other competing interests in this work.
: This study was conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki and the Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Biological Research Involving Human Subjects in Japan 26 . In accordance with the Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Biological Research Involving Human Subjects in Japan, informed consent from a legal guardian is mandatory for minors. As the current study protocol did not include a procedure for obtaining guardian consent, individuals under the age of 18 were excluded from participation. The Ethical Review Board of the Dokkyo Medical University reviewed and approved the research protocol on September 3, 2021 (Approval No. 2021-015). This prospective, longitudinal, observational study involved couples residing in Towada, Japan. Participants were recruited during perinatal home visits by public health nurses and midwives affiliated with the Towada City Community Health Center in the Aomori Prefecture. All participants received a full explanation of the study and provided written informed consent before participation.
