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Authors
Becerra-Encinales, Julián F. https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5940-6631
Rodríguez, Brayan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6648-1834
Mesa-Fuquen, Eloína https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-1767
Bernal-Hernández, Paloma https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7416-7880
Cooman, Alexandre P. https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0634-2507
Reyes, Luis H. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7251-5298
Cruz, Juan C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7790-7546
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fondo de Fomento Palmero (EXT-2023; EXt-2024)
Fondo de Fomento Palmero (EXT-2023; EXt-2024)
Fondo de Fomento Palmero (EXT-2023; EXt-2024)
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Article History
Received: 1 July 2025
Accepted: 6 March 2026
First Online: 13 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Research Committee of the Colombian Oil Palm Research Center – Cenipalma (protocol code 2024019000475 H, approved on 8 May 2024). The ethical review was conducted in accordance with Cenipalma’s internal research governance procedures and national guidelines for non-clinical research involving human participants in Colombia. Written informed consent was obtained from all participating producers.
: The form kept the Personal Data Treatment Policy, which is published on the official websites of Fedepalma and Cenipalma (articles 4 and 11 of Decree 1377 of 2013).
: was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
