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Authors
Zhao, Xiangliong
Ning, Xiaonan
Lu, Zhihui
Li, Bao
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Article History
Received: 16 December 2025
Accepted: 9 March 2026
First Online: 17 June 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: CHARLS was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Peking University (IRB approval number for the household survey: IRB00001052 -11015; IRB approval number for blood sample collection: IRB00001052 -11014). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
: All data used in this study were sourced from the public China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) database. The data are fully anonymized aggregate data and contain no identifiable personal details, images, or videos from any individual. Therefore, consent for publication is Not applicable.
