Saad, Celine
Jung-Klawitter, Sabine
Dimitrov, Bianca
Aguilar-Pimentel, Juan Antonio
Becker, Lore
da Silva-Buttkus, Patricia
Dragano, Nathalia R. V.
Garrett, Lillian
Hölter, Sabine M.
Rathkolb, Birgit
Sanz-Moreno, Adrián
Spielmann, Nadine
Fuchs, Helmut
Gailus-Durner, Valerie
Schaaf, Christian P.
la Marca, Giancarlo
Damiano, Roberta
Lefeber, Dirk J.
Engelke, Udo
,
van Karnebeek, Clara C. D. M.
Iglesias, Alex Garanto
Linster, Carole
Coughlin, Curtis R. II
Leavitt, Blair R.
Fillat, Christina
de Angelis, Martin Hrabe
Houten, Sander M.
Kölker, Stefan
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medizinische Fakultät Heidelberg der Universität Heidelberg
Article History
Received: 31 October 2025
Accepted: 11 March 2026
First Online: 31 March 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was performed in strict accordance with the Principles of Laboratory Animal Care, approved by the Regional Council Baden-Württemberg under the animal license number 35-9185.81/G-10/21, and followed by the Ethical Committee for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of Heidelberg University. The responsible authority of the district government of Upper Bavaria approved the part of the study performed at the GMC. All efforts were made to minimize suffering, discomfort, stress and the number of animals necessary to produce reliable scientific data. Humane endpoints were predefined as a body weight loss > 15%, persistent seizures, or complete loss of movement/grooming. Animals reaching humane endpoint criteria were immediately euthanized using cervical dislocation. Experiments complied with ARRIVE guidelines.