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Article History

Received: 2 April 2025

Accepted: 11 March 2026

First Online: 18 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the Peking University Third Hospital (the leading hospital of the project) Medical Science Research Ethics Committee (No. 145-03, 2016). All participants were recruited from the following hospitals: the Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University First Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. Each participating center obtained independent ethical approval from their respective institutional review boards before patient enrollment.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants for the publication of their anonymized data and any accompanying images or case details.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used DeepSeek to assist with language refinement and grammatical error correction. The tool enhanced clarity, improved phrasing, and ensured linguistic accuracy throughout the text. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication.