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Article History

Received: 16 September 2025

Accepted: 11 March 2026

First Online: 20 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no conflict of interest. We, the authors, declare that the present paper has no known competing financial interests/assistance or personal relationships etc. which could appear to influence the work reported in this paper.

: This study primarily utilizes publicly available benchmark datasets that were originally collected and released with informed consent from participants by their respective dataset providers. In addition, a small number of images used for qualitative illustration include facial images of two of the authors, for which written informed consent for participation in the study and for publication of identifiable images in this online open-access publication has been obtained. No participant or patient names appear in the manuscript, figures, tables, or captions.

: All authors critically revised the manuscript and approved the final version for publication.