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Authors
Kuang, Guofang
Li, Siyuan
Liu, Yiwei
Jia, Shijie
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Science and Technology Key Project of Henan Province (222102320342)
Science and Technology Key Project of Henan Province (252102321137)
Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province (232300420155)
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Article History
Received: 27 November 2025
Accepted: 12 March 2026
First Online: 23 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Artificial Intelligence, Luoyang Normal University (Approval No. LYNU-AIS-EC-2025-001).
: All participants provided informed consent, and all videos were anonymized in accordance with institutional and national guidelines.
